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Probability is Not Enough: Exploring and Counting Divergent Tokens for Reasoning Uncertainty Quantification in LLMs

arXiv:2609.38070v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: As the chain-of-thought reasoning capabilities of large language models improve, evaluating and calibrating their reasoning confidence is becoming incre

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Hardware

Probe-Space Preconditioning for Fast and Stable Zero-Order Training

DGX agent

arXiv:2609.38095v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Backpropagation (BP) dominates deep learning but imposes a massive memory tax. For example, training OPT-30B with Adam requires approx 600GB of GPU memo

hardwarearxiv-cs-lg

30 Sept 2026

Procedural Core: A Compact Recurrent Initialization for Vision Transformers

arXiv:2609.37631v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Transformers are typically trained from random initialization, requiring all their capabilities to emerge from large-scale optimization. Recent work s

ProCTI: Prototype-Refined Global Conditioning for Diffusion-Based Time Series Imputation

arXiv:2609.37632v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Time series imputation has progressed from statistical and deep learning approaches to diffusion-based models, which have shown strong recent performa

ProgressCompass: Embodied Progress Reward Models Are Lost Without the Right Context

model-releasesarxiv-cs-cl

arXiv:2609.36684v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Embodied agents now take on ever longer tasks. For long tasks, knowing only whether a task finally succeeds or fails says little; the steps along the wa

ProGuT: Label-Efficient Panoptic Segmentation for Forest Scenes

arXiv:2609.36891v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Panoptic segmentation in forest environments is bottlenecked not by semantic quality but by instance separation; existing unsupervised panoptic approach

Prompted Identity Degrades Cooperation in Multi-Agent LLM Systems

arXiv:2609.35928v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multi-agent LLM systems increasingly mix models from several providers, yet exposing each agent's underlying model identity to its peers significantly

Prompts Live on an Arc: Gaussian Curricula in Fisher--Rao Coordinates for Rollout-Efficient GRPO

arXiv:2609.38018v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Group relative policy optimization (GRPO) learns only from prompts whose sampled responses disagree: a group that is entirely correct or entirely incorr

safetyarxiv-cs-lg

Proofs Without Nominals: Godel's Ontological Argument, its Shallow Embedding, and the Open Questions of the Monatshefte Notes

arXiv:2609.36279v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The shallow embedding of higher-order modal logic in classical higher-order logic, used in Benzmuller and Scott's Notes on Godel's and Scott's variant

PrototypeNAS: Rapid Design of Deep Neural Networks for Microcontroller Units

arXiv:2603.15106v2 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Enabling efficient deep neural network (DNN) inference on edge devices with different hardware constraints is a challenging task that typically requir

researcharxiv-cs-cv

Pruning for Efficiency, Paying in Fairness: Demographic Disparities in Pruned Speech-LLMs

arXiv:2609.38106v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Speech-LLMs are expensive to run, making compression important for real-world deployment. However, compressed models are usually selected using aggreg

safetyarxiv-cs-cl

Tutorials

Pure and physics-guided deep learning approaches for spatio-temporal groundwater level prediction

arXiv:2603.25779v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Groundwater represents a key element of the water cycle, yet it exhibits complex and context-dependent relationships that make its modeling ch

tutorialsarxiv-cs-ai

Hardware

Purlin: Separating Orchestration from the Datapath of Collectives

arXiv:2609.36954v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Distributed inference depends on GPU collective communication that must keep pace with evolving hardware and specialized workloads. However, existing

hardwarearxiv-cs-ai

PyroStack: A Multi-Band Spatio-Temporal Sub-Daily Dataset for Wildfires in the United States

arXiv:2609.36315v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Wildfires are an increasing hazard to ecosystems, air quality, and human systems, creating a growing need for datasets that support systematic develop

Quantization Enables Private Dense Retrieval against Malicious Service Providers

arXiv:2609.36376v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Dense retrieval, the key component of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), retrieves the most relevant documents by comparing dense vector representa

QuantMLA: Function-Aligned Dual-Path Quantization for Low-Bit MLA KV Caching

model-releasesarxiv-cs-cl

arXiv:2609.36760v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA) enables expressive multi-head attention with compact caches for its content and decoupled RoPE paths, yet cache memo

Quantum Computing for Network Security Classification: Near-Term Classification and Long-Term Memory Efficiency

arXiv:2609.36479v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Quantum computing has already been explored in several network-security applications. However, how quantum computing may contribute to network-securit

Quantum Fidelity Landscape-Guided Prior Calibration for Single-Circuit QGAN Image Generation

arXiv:2609.36702v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Quantum Generative Adversarial Networks (QGANs) have emerged as representative generative models in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era an

researcharxiv-cs-cv

Applications

Quantum Geometry of Data

arXiv:2507.21135v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: We demonstrate how Quantum Cognition Machine Learning (QCML) encodes data as quantum geometry. In QCML, features of the data are represented by lear

applicationsarxiv-cs-lg

Question-Specific Knowledge Graphs for Efficient Visual Reasoning

arXiv:2609.35942v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Recent work in visual question answering has shown that vision-language models can exhibit strong reasoning capabilities by translating visual inputs in

safetyarxiv-cs-cl

RA-CFGCache: From Branch-Level Criteria to Guided-Risk Control under Classifier-Free Guidance

arXiv:2609.36433v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Diffusion models enable high-quality visual generation, but iterative denoising remains computationally expensive, especially under classifier-free guid

safetyarxiv-cs-cv

RACE: Relation-Level Counterfactual Explanations for Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks

arXiv:2609.37650v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Counterfactual explanations of graph neural networks identify edge deletions that flip a prediction. On heterogeneous graphs, however, existing methods

researcharxiv-cs-lg

RAE-PPG: Duration-Grounded Retain-and-Extend Pretraining for PPG Foundation Models

model-releasesarxiv-cs-lg

arXiv:2609.36794v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Signal features derived from photoplethysmography (PPG) require different signal durations to characterize. Existing PPG foundation models treat duratio

RAEGNet: Relation-Aware Evidence Graph Network for Harm-Aware Multimodal Fake News Detection

arXiv:2609.36902v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Existing multimodal fake news detection methods often introduce external information to assist detection. However, most of them rely on entity-level ret

researcharxiv-cs-cl

RankBuffer: Efficient Ranking-Based Rewards for Open-Ended Generation

arXiv:2609.36652v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Open-ended generation lacks canonical answers, making pointwise rewards difficult to calibrate for group-based reinforcement learning. Directly ranking

safetyarxiv-cs-ai

RareDx: Controlled Knowledge Integration and Graph-Grounded Policy Optimization for Rare-Disease Diagnosis

arXiv:2609.35549v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Rare-disease diagnosis is a long-tail reasoning problem: phenotypes are incomplete, individual disorders are sparsely documented, and relevant evide

Rational Clarification by Assistive Agents via Value-of-Information Reasoning

arXiv:2609.37588v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Users of language-based assistive agents often make ambiguous requests. In response, an assistant can either directly act on its interpretation of the r

safetyarxiv-cs-ai

RAWR: Reward Assignment Without Rollouts in Verifiable Domains

arXiv:2603.17815v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Understanding and evaluating multi-step reasoning in LLMs at the level of individual steps remains a key challenge. Process reward models (PRMs) pro

researcharxiv-cs-cl

RawVLA: Embodied Neural Image Signal Processor For Robotic Manipulation

arXiv:2609.37530v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Vision-language-action (VLA) models typically operate on RGB images produced by a fixed camera image signal processor (ISP), leaving the imaging pipel

RBF-GNN: Rational Basis Functions for Pseudo-Coordinate based Graph Convolutions

arXiv:2609.37015v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: We propose RBF-GNN, a new pseudo-coordinate based graph neural network architecture that takes into account Euclidean, spherical or angular coordinates

safetyarxiv-cs-cv

Reactive Real-Time Flow Policies via Asynchronous Distribution Alignment

arXiv:2609.36540v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Generalist robot policies such as vision-language-action models (VLAs) have achieved remarkable generalization, but their inference delays can conflict

safetyarxiv-cs-ro

Reader Proficiency Shapes Layer-wise Surprisal Profiles

arXiv:2609.37688v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Reading behaviour varies not only with linguistic input, but also with reader proficiency. In this study, we investigate whether the layer-wise relation

researcharxiv-cs-cl

Real2Gym: Building Gyms from Videos, Bringing Skills to Robots

arXiv:2609.37089v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Real-world videos provide rich demonstrations of manipulation, but turning them into reusable robot skills requires visually aligned environments, execu

safetyarxiv-cs-cv

REALHOP: Rethinking Multi-Hop Reasoning Evaluation via Behavioral Auditing

arXiv:2609.36984v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Complex questions often require multi-hop reasoning that connects facts distributed across sources or distant regions of a long context through intermed

Reasoning with Continuous Latent Diffusion

arXiv:2609.35694v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Continuous diffusion generates complete reasoning solutions through iterative refinement in latent space. We introduce the Continuous Embedding Diff

Reasoning with Neural Cellular Automata

arXiv:2609.36126v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Modern AI architectures used to solve visual reasoning tasks typically rely heavily on global connectivity and synchronization. As biological systems

ReCAP: Retrieval-Guided Capability Reuse for Multimodal Continual Instruction Tuning

arXiv:2609.37889v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Multimodal continual instruction tuning (MCIT) aims to enable multimodal large language models to acquire new capabilities from sequential tasks while p

Local Ai

ReCaVSR: One-Step Streaming Diffusion Video Super-Resolution with Recycled Latents and Learned Cache Routing

arXiv:2609.37831v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Real-time diffusion-based video super-resolution (VSR) is in high demand for online streaming, yet stringent latency requirements often compromise gener

local-aiarxiv-cs-cv

Local Ai

Receptive-field-constrained stimulus optimization for human early and intermediate visual cortex

arXiv:2609.36391v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: An ongoing challenge in sensory neuroscience is to characterize the feature dimensions encoded by cortical populations. Recent approaches probe featur

local-aiarxiv-cs-lg

ReCIRC: Rectified Conformal Risk Control

arXiv:2609.38112v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Many applications of black-box predictive models require controlling task-relevant error rates, such as missed lesion pixels in segmentation or missed

researcharxiv-cs-lg

Applications

RecKG: Knowledge Graph for Recommender Systems

arXiv:2501.03598v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Knowledge graphs have proven successful in integrating heterogeneous data across various domains. However, there remains a noticeable dearth o

applicationsarxiv-cs-ai

Recompositional Robotics: Cross-Domain, Open-set, and Lifelong Modularity Beyond Morphology

arXiv:2609.37734v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Research in modular robotics has produced capable approaches allowing a robot's morphology to change online, with recent efforts also developing approac

researcharxiv-cs-ro

Agents

Reconstructing Implicit Scientific Knowledge: Evaluating LLM Agents through End-to-End Reproduction of Astronomy

arXiv:2609.35900v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The integration of large language models (LLMs) into scientific workflows is accelerating, yet their ability to reconstruct the reasoning underlying p

agentsarxiv-cs-ai

Local Ai

Reconstructing the Vocal Tract with Differentiable Acoustic Simulation

arXiv:2609.36737v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: The vocal tract is the region of the human body responsible for filtering one's voice to create speech. In this paper, we present a differentiable and

local-aiarxiv-cs-cl

Recovering the View: Benchmarking Physical Active Vision for Occlusion Recovery in Robotic Manipulation

model-releasesarxiv-cs-ro

arXiv:2609.37292v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Physical active vision allows robots to change their viewpoint when task-relevant observations become unreliable, yet existing manipulation benchmarks p

Tutorials

RED: Reconstruction Evolution Dynamics for Generalizable AI-Generated Image Detection

arXiv:2609.36822v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The rapid evolution of image generators calls for forensic cues that generalize beyond known generation mechanisms. Existing detectors often rely on sta

tutorialsarxiv-cs-cv

Reducing the Adaptation Gap Through Reachable Fisher Geometry

model-releasesarxiv-cs-lg

arXiv:2609.36329v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) determines not only how many parameters are trained, but also which local directions a model can move in, so simi

ReF-HIL: Shaping the Critic around Human Action Neighborhoods for Efficient Human-in-the-Loop Reinforcement Learning

arXiv:2609.37131v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Human-in-the-loop reinforcement learning (HIL-RL) offers a promising route to efficient training of robotic manipulation policies by combining autonomou

safetyarxiv-cs-ro