AdaptPrompt: Parameter-Efficient Adaptation of VLMs for Generalizable Deepfake Detection

arXiv:2512.17730v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Detectors of AI-generated images tend to inherit the biases of the data they are trained on: models fitted to GAN imagery learn to treat GAN-specific artifacts as the very definition of "fake" and consequently miss images produced by diffusion models and commercial generation tools. We study this generalization problem from two directions. First, we introduce Diff-Gen, a balanced corpus consisting of 100k diffusion-generated samples and an equally sized set of real images, with the real subset selected to mirror the class distribution of the synthetic data. A spectral analysis shows that, unlike GAN data, Diff-Gen exhibits broad, non-periodic high-frequency energy, and we find that detectors trained on it transfer substantially better to unseen generator families. Second, we propose AdaptPrompt, a parameter-efficient adaptation of CLIP that combines a visual adapter with learnable text prompts and trains roughly 0.1% of the model's parameters. We further observe that truncating the last transformer block of the vision encoder consistently improves detection, suggesting that the final semantic-alignment layers of CLIP suppress the low-level traces on which forensic decisions rely. Across a benchmark of 25 test sets covering GANs, diffusion models, and commercial tools such as Midjourney and DALL-E 3, AdaptPrompt trained on Diff-Gen attains the best mean average precision (98.60%) and accuracy (92.72%), while matching fully fine-tuned baselines at a fraction of their training cost. We also show that the same framework supports data-efficient training and closed-set source attribution across 22 generators.

Source: arXiv cs.CV | 2026-08-25