GRADE: Probing Knowledge Gaps in LLMs through Gradient Subspace Dynamics

arXiv:2604.02830v2 Announce Type: replace Abstract: Detecting whether a model's internal knowledge is sufficient to correctly answer a given question is a fundamental challenge in deploying responsible LLMs. In addition to verbalising the confidence by LLM self-report, more recent methods explore the model internals, such as the hidden states of the response tokens, to capture how much knowledge is activated. We argue that such activated knowledge may not align with what the query requires, e.g., capturing the stylistic and length-related features that are uninformative for answering the query. To fill the gap, we propose GRADE (Gradient Dynamics for knowledge gap detection), which quantifies the knowledge gap via the cross-layer rank ratio of the gradient to that of the corresponding hidden state subspace. This is motivated by the property of gradients as estimators of the required knowledge updates for a given target. We validate GRADE on six benchmarks, demonstrating its effectiveness and robustness to input perturbations. In addition, we present a case study showing how the gradient chain can generate interpretable explanations of knowledge gaps for long-form answers.

Related

• Why Don't You Know? Evaluating the Impact of Uncertainty Sources on Uncertainty Quantification in LLMs
• Confident in a Confidence Score: Investigating the Sensitivity of Confidence Scores to Supervised Fine-Tuning
• Evaluating Robustness of Large Language Models Against Multilingual Typographical Errors
• A Decomposition Perspective to Long-context Reasoning for LLMs
• Understanding Structured Financial Data with LLMs: A Case Study on Fraud Detection

Source: arXiv cs.CL | 2026-04-15