Expressivity of congruence-based architectures for DNNs on positive-definite matrices

arXiv:2606.02490v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: This work studies neural architectures for classifying symmetric positive-definite matrices, focusing on congruence-like layers, in which the input matrix is multiplied on the left and right by a (possibly rectangular) weight matrix W and its transpose. Such layers lie at the core of the celebrated SPDNet and have also been employed independently for dimensionality reduction on positive-definite data. We show that the (semi)-orthogonality constraint commonly imposed on W limits the expressivity of these layers: for certain activation functions, the resulting architecture collapses to a one-hidden-layer equivalent. This lack of expressivity follows from a loss of spectral diversity in congruence-like layers for semi-orthogonal W and is a direct consequence of Poincare's separation theorem. We then examine the choice of the final classifier, comparing several Riemannian classifiers and discussing their compatibility with the feature maps produced by congruence-like layers.

Source: arXiv cs.LG | 2026-06-02