Mentored Decoding: Faster Inference meets Boosting

arXiv:2609.30474v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Speculative decoding is a successful technique speeding up inference of a target autoregressive language model via a fast drafter model. Lossy speculative decoding allows a drift with respect to the target to further improve speed. Interestingly, it has been observed experimentally that the resulting model can extit{also} beat the target extit{quality-wise}. Our paper formally proves how such a feat is possible with a formal approach to lossy speculative decoding called extit{mentored decoding}. To get there, we connect inference to a celebrated ML training theory, extit{boosting}, and proceed via the generalization of mentored decoding to the whole set of f-divergences. We uncover key properties of mentored decoding, among which (i) the particularly appealing geometric nature of the total variation case, (ii) simple approximations for any f-divergence in direct relation with boosting compliance, and (iii) a extit{divergence independent} O(n) space and O(sort(n)) time data structure built on drafter and target outputs, which allows to query the optimal parameters of the dual problem in O(log n) time and constructing optimal mentored distributions in O(n) time for any f-divergence.

Related

• Not-a-Bandit: Provably No-Regret Drafter Selection in Speculative Decoding for LLMs
• H-Spec: Parallel Speculative Decoding Without a Drafter-Side KV Cache
• Acceptance-Aware Draft Model Training for Speculative Decoding
• Revisiting Lossy Verification in Speculative Decoding: Mechanisms, Trade-offs, and Failure Modes

Source: arXiv cs.LG | 2026-09-28