Optimizing Sparse Outcomes Through Dense Behavioral Signals via Value-Guided Preference Distillation

arXiv:2609.14648v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Aligning multi-turn dialogue agents is usually framed as matching turn-level human preferences, yet direct optimization of long-term outcomes is often ineffective and prone to reward hacking. We formulate long-horizon dialogue optimization as a multi-objective reinforcement learning problem and train a multi-head value model that predicts a vector of observed user behaviors across multiple look-ahead horizons. Our findings demonstrate that a scalarized composite of dense auxiliary behavioral signals enables effective credit assignment and optimization of sparse outcomes. However, optimizing unconstrained single-objective proxies might induce policy degradations that are harmful when the agent is exposed to real users. To identify these failure modes prior to deployment, we establish a safety framework combining counterfactual user simulation with a validated dialogue-level outcome model to evaluate preference weightings and policy optimization methods. Finally, we demonstrate that distilling multi-objective value preferences into the policy via reference-anchored preference optimization matches on-policy online RL at a small fraction of its compute budget. Live A/B testing confirms that our distilled policy significantly improves long-term user retention, while simultaneously enhancing the positive behaviors and therapeutic-process markers.

Related

• StepOPSD: Step-Aware Online Preference Distillation for Agent Reinforcement Learning
• Multi-Objective Exploration and Preference Optimization via Mutual Information
• From Myopic Selection to Long-Horizon Awareness: Sequential LLM Routing for Multi-Turn Dialogue
• OPID: On-Policy Skill Distillation for Agentic Reinforcement Learning

Source: arXiv cs.CL | 2026-09-15