The best way to understand a complex system is via edge cases and failure modes, because they define the contour of the system.

Edge cases and failure modes reveal the fundamental boundaries and constraints of complex systems more effectively than typical operations, making them valuable for understanding system behavior and limitations. By examining where and how systems break down, one can map the system's true operational contours and design principles. This approach is particularly relevant in machine learning and AI development, where understanding failure patterns is critical for robustness and safety.

Source: Francois Chollet (X) | 2026-06-24